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I am slowly putting the content of this paper online. Please forgive the gaps. AcknowledgementsThis research was made possible by the generous co-operation of the Canadian Library Association (CLA), and Library and Archives Canada (LAC, formerly the National Library of Canada). Both associations offered unrestricted access to their files on the Library Book Rate and their advocacy efforts to date. Impact Public Affairs, a government relations firm that works with the Canadian Library Association, also provided a number of key documents on the association's lobbying activities. I am particularly indebted to Carrol Lunau of Library and Archives Canada, a key player in the library book rate negotiations on behalf of the Canadian library community. She has repeatedly offered her support and advice during this project. Canada Post was kind enough to provide me with detailed archives on the historical library book rates and leads for further research. I would also like to thank my advisor, Mr. Jun'ichi Yamamoto, for his fair and consistent evaluation of my progress over the past three years. Table of Contents
AbstractA Japanese (approx. 2000 characters)本研究は、カナダにおける図書館アドボカシーの過程について説明し、さらにそれを分析することを目的としている。カナダにおけるアドボカシーの過程を明確に理解することにより、カナダだけでなく世界的に図書館アドボカシーの取り組みを改善するための基盤を得ることができるであろう。 アドボカシーとは、「図書館に影響を与え得るような政治的決断を下す人たちに、図書館および図書館界の活動を考慮に入れさせるため、図書館員及び図書館協会の職員をはじめとする図書館界が行う継続的な取り組み」として定義される。図書館は国の社会福祉基盤に必要不可欠な要素であるが、その資金調達や計画立案などが、政治環境の変化によって脅かされる可能性がないとはいいきれない。 本研究ではアドボカシーの過程をLibrary Book Rate (LBR)を用いて明らかにする。LBRとは、図書館がカナダ国内の他の図書館や個人宛に本を送る際に利用できる郵便料金の優遇制度である。この優遇制度は、カナダ連邦政府の方針に基づいて、ヘリテージ省（Department of Canadian Heritage）の管轄のもと刊行物支援計画（Publications Assistance Program）の一環として行われている。LBRは1939年から実施されており、図書館界では1967年以来、この方針を守り充実させるべく、さまざまなアドボカシーの取り組みを続けている。その中心的役割を担っているのが、カナダ図書館協会（Canadian Library Association）、フランス語を話す人を対象とした図書館協会ASTED、カナダ国立図書館（National Library of Canada）、連邦政府、カナダ郵政公社（Canada Post Corporation）である。 本研究は、1960年代から現在まで行われてきたアドボカシーへの取り組みの歴史を詳細に検討することにより、カナダの図書館アドボカシー活動の特徴を明確にし、図書館界が自らの利益を守るときに直面する問題を探ろうとするものである。LBRのアドボカシー活動は、1960年代後半にはカナダ郵政省との直接的な話し合いによって行われるものであった。1970年代後半に郵政事業が連邦政府から事実上分離し、国営企業として独立すると、ロビー活動の相手は連邦政府となり、連邦政府が郵政公社と交渉するという二段階方式がとられるようになった。1980年代後半以降はアドボカシーに共同作業的な性格が増し、1990年代には研究が重要な役割を果たし始めるようになった。最近では戦略にプロのロビイストを利用したり、図書館界の主要なメンバーが直接国会議員に接触するなど、より先進的な手法も取り入れられている。 カナダの図書館アドボカシーでは、予防手段的な活動よりも、どちらかといえば何かの問題が起きたときにそれに対処する活動が中心である。党派の枠組みを超えて活動し、政治家より官僚に接触することに重点を置く。アドボカシーには活動期と休止期があり、近年ではこの活動期と活動期の間隔が短くなってきている。アドボカシーを成功させるためには、「先導者」となる中心的な人物の存在が重要となるが、その先導者が交代すると、変革を実現するために用いる手法も変化せざるを得ない。またカナダの図書館界では、アドボカシーの説得術がよく理解され、アドボカシーに対する研究の重要性も認識されている。 カナダでの図書館アドボカシーの課題は、図書館界がコントロールできる因子とできない因子とに分類できる。図書館界はアドボカシーの時期や、外部に知られてはならない、図書館界内部での議論をどの程度抑えるかに関しては、ある程度コントロールすることができる。内部の意思疎通を改善し、成功と失敗をどのように定義するかも自ら決定することができる。しかし、図書館界がどの程度政界に受け入れてもらい、どの程度情報を提供してもらえるかといった点や、特定の問題に長期にわたり取り組んでいるときの疲労の程度などをコントロールすることはできない。 本研究では、アドボカシーが一次元的ではなく、コントロール可能・不可能なものを含む多彩な因子を巻き込んだ複合的な過程であることを示すことを目指している。この複合性ゆえにアドボカシーの成否は予測できず、特定のキャンペーンに投入した労力の大きさとはほとんど相関関係がみられない。図書館界にアドボカシーが必要であることに議論の余地はないものの、図書館に求められるものを最も効率よく獲得する方法を知るには、さらに研究を進める必要がある。 B English (approx. 600 words)The present study aims to describe and analyze the processes involved in library advocacy in Canada. A clear understanding of these processes will serve as a basis for improvement in advocacy efforts, both for Canada and for libraries around the world. Advocacy is defined as "a sustained effort by librarians and library association staff to keep libraries and the work they do in the minds of the people who make the political decisions that affect libraries". While libraries are integral units in a country's social welfare infrastructure, they are not immune to having their funding or programming jeopardized by changing political environments. In the present study, the Library Book Rate (LBR) is used to illustrate the advocacy process. The LBR is a preferential postal rate for libraries to send books to individuals and other libraries within Canada. The rate is based on a federal policy that is overseen by the Department of Canadian Heritage as a part of its Publications Assistance Program. The LBR has been in existence since 1939 and the library world has engaged in various advocacy efforts to protect and enhance this program since 1967. Key players in these efforts include the Canadian Library Association (CLA) and its French language counterpart (ASTED), the National Library of Canada, the federal government, and Canada Post Corporation. By examining a detailed history of the advocacy efforts from the 1960s to the present, the current study aims to define the characteristics of library advocacy work in Canada, and identify the challenges that the library community faces when trying to protect its interests. LBR advocacy work in the late 1960s involved communicating directly with Canada Post. In the late 1970s, the postal service effectively split from the federal government to become a crown corporation. The library community was then faced with a dual-tiered system, in which they would lobby the federal government, and the government would then negotiate with Canada Post. Advocacy efforts became more collaborative from the late 1980s and research started to play a more important role in the 1990s. Recent strategies include more advanced techniques such as the use of a professional lobbyist and direct contact with legislators by important members of the library community. It was found that library advocacy in Canada is reactive rather than pro-active, it is non-partisan, and relies more on contact with bureaucrats than with politicians. There are spurts and lulls in activity, with intervals between forays becoming shorter in recent years. A key individual, or "champion", is important to the success of advocacy; however, each champion uses different techniques to effect change in her era. Furthermore, the Canadian library community understands the rhetoric of advocacy and recognizes the importance of research in advocacy work. Challenges to library advocacy work in Canada include factors that the library community can control, and some that they cannot. The community can control, to a certain extent, the timing of its advocacy work and the amount of dissent in the community that is made public. It can improve communication amongst its members and decide for itself how it defines success and failure. Factors that cannot be controlled include the amount of inclusion that the library community enjoys in policy communities, the amount of information they are given, and the amount of fatigue they experience when dealing with a particular issue over a long time. The purpose of this research is to show that advocacy is not unidimensional, but that it is a complex process involving myriad factors, some controllable, others not. The success or failure of an advocacy attempt cannot be predicted and can even have little to do with the amount of effort put into a particular campaign. While the need for advocacy in the library community is indisputable, more research is necessary to determine the most efficient way for libraries to ask for, and get, what they want. Chapter 1 -- BackgroundA IntroductionAs integral units in a country's social welfare infrastructure, public libraries find themselves in a uniquely protected and yet precarious political position. While their connection with local, provincial, and federal governments may afford them a certain privileged status among non-profit organizations, they must also endure rounds of cutbacks and jockey for the limited funds that are allocated to municipal budgets. Public librarians in Canada have become more aware of the library's status in political circles and have recently started to learn the techniques necessary for securing a healthy future for their organizations. In 2001, the Canadian Library Association (CLA) and the Canadian Association for Public Libraries (CAPL) published the Library Advocacy Now! (LAN) Training Workbook as a part of the LAN! program. Training in library advocacy was originally initiated by the American Library Association (ALA) and has been offered as a part of Canadian conferences since 1996. The word "advocacy" is being bandied about the library community recently, making it sound like a new phenomenon, but library advocacy has been around for as long as libraries have existed: libraries have always had to justify their existence to their sponsors. Crawford (1985) describes advocacy work that was done in England during the mid to late 1800s to introduce libraries into rural regions. An even earlier example can be seen in work to increase the funds available to the Library of Congress. After the library was destroyed by fire in 1802, the Librarian of Congress soon started to employ "the strategy of presenting in his report to Congress statistics of the great national libraries of the world to persuade them of the importance of increased appropriations for library growth" (Donnelly, 1973). However, these forays into the political world were often spearheaded by people who had an interest in libraries, but were not employed by a library. The recognition of library advocacy as an official role of the general librarian is a fairly recent phenomenon. Libraries, as essentially apolitical organizations, may seem to have little to do with the political scene. However, the list of library issues that have a political component is endless: the establishment of libraries, determining the portion of tax revenue designated for library use; deciding who has the right to representation on library boards; depository rules; reporting rules (whether library must submit its annual reports to the government it works with); the right to impose penalties; efforts to exempt library property from taxation; resource-sharing rules, etc. (Doerschuk, 1980). In the early years of library development in an area, libraries may not have official legal status, they may lack a stable financial basis, and may depend too heavily on volunteerism (Taylor, 1980). As those problems are solved, new issues such as salaries, professional certification, and the need for expanded services come to the forefront. As these issues all have roots in legislation, the need becomes obvious for libraries to have a finger on the pulse of the political scene, even in the early days of their development. In the present study, the Library Book Rate (LBR), an issue that concerns the library community in Canada, is used to illustrate the advocacy process. The Library Book Rate is a preferential postal rate for libraries to use in sending books to individuals and other libraries within Canada. The rate is based on a federal policy that is overseen by the Department of Canadian Heritage as a part of its Publications Assistance Program. The rate has been in existence since 1939 and the library world has engaged in various advocacy efforts to protect and enhance this federal policy since 1967. Key players in this debate include the Canadian Library Association (CLA) and its French language counterpart the Association pour l'avancement des sciences et techniques de la documentation (ASTED), the National Library, the federal government, and Canada Post Corporation. The library associations and the National Library have been working both individually and in collaboration, with varying levels of success, for the past forty years on protecting the rate, deflecting increases, and expanding the definition of the rate. It may seem that postal rates are fairly far removed from mainstream library issues, but as was recognized in an Australian National Resource Sharing Working Group report (1999), postal service "impacts on perceived library performance in delivering ILL services and impacts on service standards, both individual and national". Changes in postal policies, therefore, can have serious effects on library performance, or perceived performance. Because Canada is such a large country with a relatively small population, it is deemed more efficient to use public money on resource sharing rather than spending huge sums on building large, somewhat similar, individual collections. Facilitating interlibrary loans with the LBR saves public money through both the delivery cost and the cost of purchasing the books themselves. The LBR allows individual libraries to purchase a wider variety of books, thus strengthening the wide-area collections held by the regions. However, due to ever-changing political climates, the LBR is constantly in jeopardy of being cut back or eliminated entirely. The present study focuses on the efforts of the library community to keep LBR funding at current levels and to increase the range of its coverage (currently only books are eligible, to the exclusion of all other audio-visual formats). Protecting this important federal program involves an intricate web of participants ranging from library users, local public librarians, politicians at the municipal, provincial, and federal level, library associations, and the national library. Libraries are not like other interest groups, and they do not act like other interest groups when they lobby governments. They have specific characteristics that work for and against them in the political process. For example, libraries are very highly regarded by the general public in Canada. According to a Citizens First report (Erin Research, 1998), Canadian public libraries rated second only to fire departments in terms of overall service quality, well ahead of private sector services in general (11th), municipal government services in general (17th), and federal and provincial services in general (tied for 20th). They are generally perceived as "good". They have very few enemies and their requests for money are not usually outrageous. (Not a great deal of money is needed to do a comparable amount of "good" in a library.) On the other hand, libraries are not a particularly "flashy" issue in the political realm, and only form a very small dot on the government's radar. Ironically, because libraries don't spend a lot of money, they aren't considered to be big players. Furthermore, they are not considered "essential", like roads or sanitation programs. In order to understand and improve upon library advocacy techniques, these unique characteristics need to be recognized and their role in helping and hindering advocacy efforts in a Canadian context needs to be made clear. A great deal of the (albeit limited) information on library advocacy comes from American sources. The political system south of the border differs to a large enough extent that developing Canadian advocacy efforts according to US-based principles is misguided at best, and moreover, very likely to result in failure. The current study attempts to place library advocacy in a Canadian context in order to analyze it more accurately and provide conclusions that can be applied to other attempts to advocate for the library community in Canada. Historical information on the Library Book Rate has been collected from the Canadian Library Association (CLA), Canada Post, and the National Library of Canada (NLC). Historical information on advocacy efforts comes primarily from a collection of Canadian Library Association and National Library of Canada documents that spans from 1967 to 2004. Additional documents were provided by the Canada Post Corporation and Impact Public Affairs, a government affairs consulting agency that works with the Canadian Library Association. The documents include business correspondence between the organizations and other political entities, various (generally unpublished) studies that have been done on the LBR over the years, and a number of internal memoranda that outline advocacy strategies. The documents have been put into chronological order (see References B) and were examined for specific activities, trends, and common themes. The purpose of this study is to present a description of the unique characteristics of library advocacy in Canada and outline the particular challenges the library community in Canada faces when trying to persuade the political world to act. A clearer view of the history of the federal level advocacy movement to date should result in a more effective campaign to protect Canadian libraries. Note: The National Library of Canada and the National Archives of Canada officially merged to become Library and Archives Canada (LAC) in 2002. Since the majority of the activities described in this paper took place before 2002, I have chosen to refer to this entity as the National Library of Canada (or NLC). Also, the national postal service of Canada is referred to as Canada Post throughout this document for reasons of clarity. In fact, until 1981, when it was privatized and commercialized, the postal service was known as the "Post Office Department". B Definitions(I) AdvocacyDespite what you may think, politics and lobbying are not dirty words, but necessities in every organization. (Siess, 2003) Various definitions for advocacy exist, but for the library community, the key point is that it is "a sustained effort by librarians and library association staff to keep libraries and the work they do in the minds of the people who make the political decisions that affect libraries". Issues in library advocacy include funding, accessibility for those with special needs, intellectual freedom, preferential treatment given to libraries in recognition of their public contribution, etc. Any library issue is potentially an issue that requires advocacy. It is important, however, to be able to discriminate between advocacy, public relations, and marketing. Public relations is a one-way message from the library to the public. It tells the people what the library is, what it can do, and when. Marketing is the process of finding out what the public wants from the library and discovering ways to give it to them. Public relations and marketing are both important aspects of advocacy work, but they do not go far enough to promote library issues. Advocacy involves interaction and partnerships. It involves communication between libraries and the decision makers in the community. It usually involves an issue that is of great importance to the library. A library advocate may use the tools of public relations and marketing during an advocacy campaign, but the actual goal of an advocate is to "favourably influence the attitudes of a designated group or individual" (Burdenuk, 1984) leading to a decision that improves the lot of libraries. Advocacy efforts are directed towards the powerholders in a community, rather than to the public at large. It is probably easier to understand the concept of advocacy through an example. Non-smokers can advocate for non-smoking by-laws in cities. An important part of the advocacy strategy will be to mobilize the public. Public relations and marketing strategies can be employed to educate and grab the interest of the public. The anti-smoking advocates can use print or electronic media to get their message across, or they can host special events or create sustained marketing campaigns. These are all examples of standard public relations tools. This will not be enough, however, to get the bylaws changed. In order to effect change, the advocates will have to meet with the decision-makers in the community and try to show the decision-makers how non-smoking by-laws will advance their own (the politicians') agendas. If the advocates are meeting with a politician, for example, they might try to find out what issue the politician is currently working on in her district. If she is trying to promote safety in the community, the advocates can show how the non-smoking by-laws will make public areas safer for children. If she is trying to improve tourism, the advocates can try to show that tourists prefer non-smoking environments (especially if they are travelling with their children) and that restaurants and bars in cities with non-smoking by-laws have not lost any revenue since prohibiting smoking on their premises. This kind of work, involving partnerships and linking agendas, is the kind of advocacy that will be covered in this paper. (II) Interest GroupsPaul Pross (1992) defines pressure groups as "organizations whose members act together to influence public policy in order to promote their common interest". This study will use his definition, but will make use of the term "interest groups" rather than his choice of "pressure groups". Calling CLA a pressure group is somewhat misleading. CLA does not exist solely to pressure the government. It is a group that has a vested interest in the promotion and survival of libraries and library-related legislation. When those interests are threatened, CLA may act to pressure the government into protecting the library interest. Pross prefers the use of "pressure group" because he feels that "interest group" is misleading. He says that it implies that when people complain of government being swayed by "interests", it is being affected by interest groups, when that is not always the case. He prefers the precision of "pressure" as he feels that it is more appropriate even though it focuses on a single part of a group's range of behaviour. While that is a convincing argument for the use of "pressure groups" over "interest groups" in theory, the word "pressure" does indeed imply constant pressure and, furthermore, the over-riding goal of a pressure group would seem to be to apply pressure. Pross is justified in using the term "pressure" when discussing the role of various groups in the political process, but when applied to an individual organization like the Canadian Library Association in the context of this research, "interest" is more acceptable and appropriate. (III) Lobbying"Lobbying" is the act of trying to influence the government. Unfortunately, while the definition of the word itself does not suggest anything untoward, mention of the word "lobby" conveys a certain venal nuance. For that reason, "advocacy" has been chosen as a term to represent the concept of trying to influence the government without implying any money necessarily changing hands. (IV) Library Book RateThe Library Book Rate (LBR) is discounted postal rate for libraries to use when sending books to individuals and other libraries within Canada. It has been in existence since 1939 and libraries have had to work to protect this rate (or keep the rates low) since at least 1967, and possibly earlier. The details of the LBR are explained at length in Chapter 2. This paper is not concerned with postal rates for books that are sent by one individual to another. Certain countries offer such a "book rate", but this concept is not covered here. Also, this paper will not discuss the special postal rates that are used to send reading materials to people with visual impairments. Furthermore, there are special postal rates for publishers who send large volumes of books. This kind of commercial book rate is not considered in this paper. (These specific exclusions are discussed in detail in Chapter 2, Section A (I).) C SourcesA historical and analytical approach is used in this study. Research has been based on primary documents (letters, faxes, emails, memos, summaries, mainly unpublished), various studies, and factual documents collected from the archives of the National Library of Canada, the Canadian Library Association, Impact Public Affairs, and the Internet. See References, Section B for an indexed list of the documents. There are approximately 180 documents about the Library Book Rate from the CLA archives, spanning from 1967 to the present. During that time, there have been 37 presidents of the association and 11 executive directors (2 acting). (See Appendix E for a full list of all presidents and executive directors since 1946.) The quality of the CLA archives differs greatly depending on the executive director who was in charge at the time. Paul Kitchen (1975-1986) kept detailed, hand-written records of his actions, including telephone calls and meetings. He emerges as the best record-keeper on this particular issue. A few notes also remain from the era of Jane Cooney, although it is not certain whether the records are actually hers or not because of the increasing use of typewritten documents. (Kitchen's notes were always written in his distinctive writing style, so it was easy to identify him as the author of a note even if he did not sign his name.) Later actions of CLA have been discerned through the email archives of Carrol Lunau at the National Library of Canada. A total of around 165 documents were retrieved from the National Library of Canada. These were almost all provided by Carrol Lunau from her private records as a participant of the LBR working group in the 1990s. These records span a much shorter time range (1990s to the present), but are much more detailed. Lunau started to make extensive use of email from the latter half of the 1990s, so her records from 1995 to the present time were extremely useful in this study. The switch from typewritten notes to email and computer files created an additional layer of authentication. The author, recipient(s), and date of transmission could be discerned with a greater level of ease than was possible with archives from earlier times. However, it can also be said that the advent of email brought an end to the handwritten note. Almost no handwritten records of meetings or phone calls are kept anymore, so evidence of these kinds of interactions have become much harder to come by in recent years. A number of studies have been done on the LBR in recent years. The two biggest studies were done in 1998 and 2002. These two studies provided a number of statistics on the current rates of usage of the LBR and the problems that some of the users are having with the rate. The studies are summarized in Chapter 3, Section C (V) and (VI). Because of the great distance between Japan and Canada, it was not possible to acquire as many documents as might have been desired. A total of almost 400 documents were retrieved from the Canadian Library Association and the National Library of Canada, but it is possible that more would have surfaced during the course of the research if it had been possible to visit Ottawa, Ontario a second time. This research is based on primary documents but only those relating to the Library Book Rate. Further studies on the handling of additional advocacy issues are necessary to discover if the conclusions that have been drawn from this study can be be applied more widely. D Literature ReviewDue to the nature of the current study, the literature review will be, necessarily, rather short. This study is based on a large collection of historical documents, the nature of which will be revealed during the discussions on the advocacy work in Chapter 3. The current study's heavy dependence on primary documents is a result of the fact that very little research has been done on library advocacy in the past. It is a very young field and it is only now starting to get the attention it deserves. A number of books and articles have been written to help librarians learn about advocacy and how to become an advocate. From a practical perspective, these books are quite useful because they give practicing librarians specific suggestions about what they can do to improve the situation at their own libraries. However, these books do not include specific research-based information on how the advocacy process works. Furthermore, many of them have been written for librarians in the United States, so they are not always appropriate for use in Canada. The Visible Librarian: Asserting Your Value with Marketing and Advocacy (Siess, 2003) is just this kind of book. It offers definitions of marketing, public relations, and advocacy, and gives various ideas about what the average librarian can do. It asserts that "too few librarians have management skills and political savvy" and states that there are "no courses on lobbying or advocacy" at library schools. Reports are anecdotal for the most part, and Siess does not delve into any accounts of research that have been done to strengthen her points, but that is perhaps natural as this book is meant for practitioners, not researchers. Searching library journals for "advocacy" provides a long list of articles of just this nature -- long on the pep talk, short on research. Some focus on attracting librarians to the cause (Matthews, 1997; Glass Shuman, 1999; Kirchner, 1999), or explaining advocacy techniques (Burdenuk, 1984, for teacher-librarians; St Clair & Williamson, 1992 for one-person libraries; Tremblay-McGaw, 1999, for librarians in advocacy organizations; and Shuler, 2002 for librarians involved with government information), while others work on motivating trustees (Miller, 2001). One study did use scientific methods to discover more about advocacy methods. Straughan et al (1996) used controlled experiments to detect the effect on the audience of using various formats (advertisement vs. newspaper article) and sources (CEO vs. president of nonprofit organization) in advocacy messages. They found that news articles may be more effective than ads, and that the use of the CEO seems to be beneficial. While this research does not directly affect the outcome of the current study, it would be useful to have more examples of this type of study to direct advocacy efforts in the library community. The current study is more along the lines of Crawford (1985) and Vandergrift (1996) who follow a cause and its advocates throughout a certain period of time. Crawford deals with the issue of library provision in England during the 19th century, while Vandergrift follows the progression of the women who advocated for children's library services at the turn of the last century. While these studies had a strong focus on the people involved in the advocacy work on a specific issue, the current study follows the issue more closely than the personalities involved. A number of studies have been done on the Library Book Rate. One was done some time in the 1960s, but it was not possible to locate a copy of that document, or even a specific date of publication. The next study was completed in 1982. It was commissioned by the Department of Communications and focused on usage statistics. A consultation document was drawn up in 1993 that outlined possible future directions for the postal subsidy. The study in 1998 gave detailed usage statistics and the 2002 study was similar, except for a detailed policy summary that put the LBR in a historical context. These studies and the role they played in the advocacy campaigns of the library community are discussed in detail in the section on the history of advocacy attempts (Chapter 3, Section C). Historical accounts of CLA and NLC, such as Elizabeth Hulse's The Morton Years and F. Dolores Donnelly's The National Library of Canada: A Historical Analysis of the Forces which Contributed to its Establishment and to the Identification of its Role and Responsibilities, give detailed historical accounts of these two national organizations and how they came into being. The number of books and articles that have been written on library advocacy work in Canada is, indeed, extremely limited. However, that fact only emphasizes the importance of the current study in laying the groundwork for further investigation into this difficult topic. Chapter 2 -- Library Book Rate (LBR)A Introduction(I) What is the Library Book Rate?(II) What other countries have special rates for libraries?(III) What is the purpose of the LBR?(IV) What are the conditions of the LBR?(V) Who uses the LBR?(VI) How is the LBR used?(VII) What are the problems with the LBR?B History of the Library Book Rate(I) When was the LBR initiated?(II) How has the LBR changed?C Legislation and Administration(I) Who is involved in administering the LBR?(II) What legislation exists about the LBR?D Costs and Benefits(I) What costs are involved in the LBR?(II) Who benefits from the LBR?E Future of the LBRChapter 3 -- Library Advocacy in CanadaA Introduction(I) The Need for Advocacy(II) CLA as Interest Group(III) Lobbyists' Registration ActB Players(I) Canadian Library Association (CLA)(II) National Library of Canada (NLC)(III) Federal Government -- Department of Canadian Heritage (PCH)(IV) Canada Post Corporation (CPC)C History of Advocacy Work on the LBR(I) 1930s - 1950s(II) 1960s(III) 1970s(IV) 1980s(V) 1990s(VI) 2000sChapter 4 -- Analysis and DiscussionA Characteristics of Library Advocacy Work in Canada(I) Non-Partisan(II) Bureaucrats vs. Politicians(III) Waves of Activity(IV) The Champion(V) The Written Word(VI) Creative Endeavours Unique to the Champion(VII) Research as Advocacy(VIII) Coalitions(IX) Use of Paid Lobbyist(X) Reactive Rather than proactive(XI) Education and On-The-Job TrainingB Challenges to Library Advocacy Work in Canada(I) Timing(II) Dissent in the Library Community(III) Communication(IV) Inclusion, Information(V) Too Many Canadas(VI) Fatigue(VII) Perceived Expense(VIII) Positions Change Over Time(IX) Working in the Political Arena(X) Government as Moving Target(XI) Who does what?(XII) Defining Success(XIII) The Need for Innovation(XIV) Apolitical Nature of LibrariesChapter 5 -- ConclusionsA SummaryB ConclusionsC Future ResearchReferencesA Published SourcesB Index of Primary Documents (From CLA, NLC, IPA Archives)AppendicesA AbbreviationsB Timeline of the Library Book RateC Map of the Postal Code System in CanadaD Library Book Rate - Historical RatesOriginal System (1939-1978)Second System (1978-1979)Third System (1979)Fourth System (1979-1985)Fifth System (1985-1989)Sixth System (1989-2004)E Presidents and Executive Directors of the Canadian Library AssociationF Letter to International Postal Organizations
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