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Accessibility

Adaptive Technology

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Scanner invented by Raymond Kurzweil that can read text.

HeadMaster Mouse-like computer device that is worn on the head like headphones.

Pixelmaster 2 "Thermal jet" printer that produces raised dots or lines on paper so that blind people can "read" images.

Footmouse Mouse-like computer device that is controlled by foot.

Associations

[INTERNATIONAL] International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) 国際図書館連盟

[INTERNATIONAL] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Works to make information in scientific and technological documents, libraries and archives available to developing countries.

[JAPAN] National Centre for Science Information Systems (NACSIS) Name changed to National Institute for Informatics (NII).

[JAPAN] National Institute for Informatics (NII) 国立情報学研究所

[UNITED STATES] Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)

[UNITED STATES] National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) Develops policies, plans to meet information needs of the U.S.

[UNITED STATES] Research Library Group (RLG) 1974, New York Public Library, Yale, Columbia and Harvard.

Cataloging and Classifying

Abstract 抄録 Summary written either by the author (author abstract 著者抄録) or by a professional abstractor or indexer (第三者抄録). Quality of professional abstract is higher, but it is often too expensive to rewrite abstracts. Usually just fixed a bit.

Abstract Bibliography 抄録誌

Alphabetico-Classed Approach Non-heirarchical catalog. Materials are organized by name of general discipline, followed by names of classes and subclasses in alphabetical order.

Anglo American Cataloging Rules (AACR)

Author Index 著者索引

Authority File 典拠ファイル List of authoritative forms of headings used in a cataloging system. Used to maintain consistency. Eg. John Wiley and Sons or Wiley Wiley or Wiley.

BALLOTS Software for processing books, now known as Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN)

Bibliographic Classification Often considered best system. Faceted.

Bibliography 書誌

Bibliotecha Universalis Created by Conrad Gesner. Includes "Pandectarum" which is a classification system for organizing learned books of his time (1500s). Marked beginning of modern classification systems. In use until 1800s.

Bibliotechal-Bibliographic Classification Used in Soviet Union.

Chain Indexing

Classification As defined by FID: By classification is meant any method creating relations, generic or other, between individual semantic units, regardless of the degree of hierarchy contained in the systems and of whether those systems will be applied in connection with traditional or more or less mechanized methods of document searching. Consists of a schedule or table (and possibly auxiliary schedules), a notation (usually based on symbols of a known order), and an alphabetical index that shows relations between subjects. Can be based on philosophical scheme or physical arrangement of books on shelves. Paradigmatic Relations: hierarchical, whole-part, agent-action Syntagmatic Relations: associative, correlative Assyrian archives of Assurbanipal: Grammar, History, Law, Natural History, Geography, Mathematics, Astronomy, Magic, Religion, Legends. Alexandrian library (Callimachus): Poets, Lawmakers, Philosophers, Historians, Rhetoricians, Miscellaneous writers with further subdivisions for form, subject, and time. China (Western Han): Encyclopedias, Six Arts, Philosophy, Poems and Songs, Military Art, Soothsaying, Medicine China (Wei and Tsin): (1) Classics, (2) Philosophy, Military Art, Mathematics, Theology, (3) History, Government, Miscellanea, (4) Literature. Medieval (monasteries): Theological works, Classical Authors of Antiquity, Contemporary authors on the Seven Arts Medieval (universities): Trivium (Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic) and Quadrivium (Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, Astronomy) Bibliotecha Universalis (Gesner): 21 major classes with subdivisions. Baconian system (Bacon): philosophical system, but not originally meant for libraries. Paris booksellers system (Bouilleau, Brunet): Theology, Jurisprudence, Sciences and Arts, Literature, History with few subdivisions, still in use in France and Britain. Darmstadt court library (Schleiermacher): 25 main classes with 13,000 subdivisions Dewey Decimal Classification (Dewey): four volumes, 3200 pages, several thousand classes and subdivisions Universal Decimal Classification (Otlet, LaFontaine): modified DDC, 10 main classes, introduced colon to link codes and show relationships. Expansive Classification (Cutter): Library of Congress: Bibliographic Classification (Bliss): Colon Classification (Ranganathan): Bibliotechal-Bibliographic Classification: Modern Chinese Classification Schemes Broad System of Ordering (UNESCO) Special schemes for smaller, specific libraries Broad System of Ordering (BSO) Bibliotechal-Bibliographic Classification (BBK): Expansive Classification (EC) Cutter Library of Congress (LC) Bibliographic Classification (BC) Bliss Colon Classification (CC) Ranganathan Universal Decimal Classification (Otlet, LaFontaine): modified DDC, introduced colon to link codes and show relationships. Backed by FID. Paul Otlet Designed Universal Decimal Classification (also known as Brussels Expansion) in 1890s with Henri LaFontaine. Henri LaFontaine Designed Universal Decimal Classification (also known as Brussels Expansion) in 1890s with Paul Otlet. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Simple notation, independent of language, based on decimal fractions which are infinitely expandable horizontally, though not vertically (0-9 is limit), excellent mnemonic features, some flexibility through auxiliary tables, influenced creation of facet classification. Drawbacks included order of subjects (seems outdated now), only one class each for science and technology, separation of history from social sciences, separation of political geography from geography, overdependence on integrity of numbers (difficult to integrate new topics). Phoenix schedules remedy some of the problems by restructuring old system. Backed by OCLC and Library of Congress. A.A.E. Schleiermacher Designed classification system for Darmstadt court library in Germany (1840s). Ismael Bouilleau Created system of classification for booksellers in Paris in 17th century. (Theology, Jurisprudence, Sciences and Arts, Literature, History.) Jacques-Charles Brunet Nineteenth century French bibliographer who modified Bouilleau's system of classification that was used by booksellers in Paris. (Theology, Jurisprudence, Sciences and Arts, Literature, History.) Francis Bacon Proposed classification system in "Advancement of Learning" (1605) which influenced many classification systems (Jefferson, Dewey) even though it was not originally intended for such use.

Classification Research Group 1952

Classified Catalog Systematic arrangement of subject headings supplemented by indexes for the other categories in alphabetical order.

Colon Classification

Controlled Vocabulary 統制語 Indexer must use selected words for descriptors. Usually based on thesaurus. Consistency high. Cost high due to thesaurus. Leaks low. Noise low. Can make inverted file easily. In English, countable nouns are often put into plural, and non-countable nouns in singular. In French, both appear as singular. Used to improve recall.

Data Mining

Deposit Library 保存図書館 Warehouse for books that are not often used. Often outside main city area so land is cheaper.

Descriptor

Dewey Decimal System/Classification (DDC) First implemented in 1873, first published in 1876, now in its 21st edition, most widely known and used system. Based on ten groups: 000-099 General Works; 100-199 Philosophy and Psychology; 200-299 Religion; 300-399 Social Sciences; 400-499 Language; 500-599 Natural Sciences and Mathematics; 600-699 Technology; 700-799 The Arts; 800-899 Literature and Rhetoric; 900-999 History/Biography/Geography. Each main class is divided into 10 divisions which are divided into 10 sections. Simple notation, no use of language.

Dictionary Catalog All headings (title, subject, references) are arranged alphabetically. Popular in early 20th century.

Divided Catalog Adaptation of dictionary catalog with some headings (author, subject, title) divided according to fuction

Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Go List 採択語リスト List of words that can or will be included in an index or search.

Index 索引

Index Bibliography 索引誌

Information Retrieval (IR) 情報検索

International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) Originally Institut International de Bibliographie established in Belgium in 1895.

International Standard Book Number (ISBN) Based on ISO.

Inverted File 転置ファイル

Inter-Library Loan (ILL) 相互貸借, 図書館間貸し出し

International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) 国際標準書誌記述 Includes ISBD-G (general) and ISBD-M (monograph)

Journal Contents Index 雑誌コンテンツ索引

JST Online Information System (JOIS) JSTオンライン情報システム

Knowledge Management ナレッジマネージメント

Library of Congress Classification (LC) Classification system developed for the Library of Congress. When the library inherited Jefferson's books, it had to find a new system of classification. The one used by Jefferson was not adequate. Dewey was considered, but Mr. Dewey would not allow the library to make changes to his system. Herbert Putnam, the librarian, created a new scheme for the LC, designed specifically for the collection. Influenced by Jefferson, Francis Bacon, and Cutter. Considered to be the best for very large libraries. Individual subject schemes were designed by specialists in that subject. More than 10,000 pages. From general to specific, theoretical to practical. Detractors say it is based on outdated principles, not intuitive, not fully fleshed out in all areas, but many libraries use this system because of the possibility of shared cataloguing.

Link Joining terms. For example, youth, middle age, unemployment, training. Used to improve precision

London Education Classification

Machine Readable Catalog (MARC) 機械可読目録 British National Bibliography, Library of Congress. Not originally meant for today's powerful computers, so doesn't completely take advantage of computing techniques. Japanese MARC is known as J-MARC. Universal March System is known as UniMARC, but has not been adopted by everyone.

NACSIS-CAT

NACSIS-IR

National Union Catalog (NUC) Original catalog contained 16 million cards and was housed in the Library of Congress. The catalog describes books on research topics in libraries throughout North America which were published prior to 1956.

Natural Vocabulary 自然語 Information seeker can use regular language to perform search. Consistency low. Leaks high. Noise high. Good for searching full-text documents. Works best when adjacency can be used in search.

New England Libraries (1800s) Books in New England libraries (as examined by Dewey) were placed on shelves and numbered according to their position on the shelf. When the collection grew or the shelves increased, the collection would have to be renumbered.

N-gram Take n number of words at a time (2 words = 2-gram, 3 words = 3-gram) and make an index out of them. 2-gram will take up twice as much space as original document. 3-gram, three times. 2-gram is most common in Japan. To reduce space, some n-grams can be discarded. For example a kanji-hiragana pair might be discarded unless it makes a possible word in the dictionary.

Nippon Cataloging Rules (NCR) 日本目録規則

Noise ノイズ Irrelevant documents retrieved in a search.

Omission モレ Relevant documents missed by a search.

Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)

Periodical 雑誌 More timely than books, more useful for research.

PLEXUS Experimental database on gardening (Central Information Service of the University of London)

Post-Co-ordinate 事後組み合わせ Deciding the structure of an index while classifying. Can cause noise in searches.

Precision 精度 Noise low. Inversely related to recall. Easy to calculate (do a search and figure out how many documents are relevant). Compound words, proximity operators, links, and roles improve precision (reduce noise).

Pre-Co-ordinate 事前組み合わせ Deciding the structure before starting to classify something. For example, when classifying something according to the DDC, structure is already decided. Makes indexing easier. Can cause leaks in searches.

Preserved Content Index System (PRECIS) Derek Austin, Taylor, Dykstra, Foskett. Transfering MARC data to computer was easy except for subject index field. Austin created PRECIS to overcome this problem. Allows indexers to think of terms and relationships. Analyzes documents to form short subject statement which is linguistically analyzed for terms denoting action, object of action, time, location, etc. Not as important now with powerful computing available, but an important contribution to linguistic analysis in classification.

Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Information 一次、二次、三次情報 Primary is found in factual books, secondary gives information about primary (like bibliographies), and tertiary gives information about secondary (bibliography of bibliographies).

Proximity Operators 近接演算子 Using operators to dictate how close the words must appear when doing a search of two or more words. Used to improve precision of natural language searches.

Recall 再現率 Omissions low. Inversely related to precision. Important for patent research. Not as important for regular research where 60% recall is considered good. Difficult to calculate (Must do a search and figure out which documents weren't retreived -- difficult for very large databases). Controlled language, truncation, and up-posting increase recall (reduce omissions).

Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) Originally known as BALLOTS, software for processing books, used by Research Library Group

Rider's International Classification (1960) Rider attempted to created universal scheme.

Role Divide a term into its uses. For example oil can be divided into product, raw material, fuel. Used to improve precision

Science Citation Index

Specificity 特定性 Important in indexing. The more specific the descriptors are, the better the search will be.

Slip Catalog Records bibliographic data on slips of paper.

Stemming 語幹 Using the root of a word to perform a search. eg. educat for educate or education.

Stop List 不要語リスト List of words that are not to be included in index or search. a, an, the, up, for, against. Usually around 100 words.

Subject Index 主題索引

Substring Matching 部分一致 Searching for terms in which the first part matches (前方一致). Left matching, prefix matching. comput* Searching for terms in which the last part matches (後方一致). Right matching, suffix matching. *ism Searching for terms in which a smaller word appears (任意一致,中間一致). Infix matching. *acid*, *chloro* Searching for terms in which the first part and last part match (前後一致). organi*ation

Surrogate Secondary information. Materials about other materials. A surrogate to a book would be a card in a card catalog or a record in a database.

Truncation トランケーション Also called character masking. Using a wildcard to perform searches. Methods include prefix matching, suffix matching, infix matching. Used to improve recall.

Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) Making bibliographic information available to all computer systems.

Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) Expansion of Dewey, originally known as Brussels Expansion. More subdivisions, more flexible, published in many languages. Used often in scientific and technical fields and United Nations Library. Faceted, so good for use in computerized information retrieval.

University of Toronto Library Automation System (UTLAS)

Up-posting アップポスティング Allowing searcher to track a search upwards. For example, searching for electric cars leads searcher to cars in general. Used to improve recall.

Weighting 重み付け Assigning a weight or rank to a term in order to improve the likelihood of retrieving a document.

Venn Diagram Diagram of circles (often overlapping) that shows the relationship between various items.

History of the Library

Codex Block form of book developed as a successor to papyrus manuscripts during the Middle Ages

Layout of libraries Manuscripts used to be laid out on shelves horizontally and chained to the shelf. A very large library might have had about one hundred books.

Sumerian Dynasty Developed writing about 5000 years ago. Stored business records, grammatical exercises, texts on mathematics, medicine, astrology, hymns, prayers, incantations, literature in temples. thus created first example of libraries.

Internet

ARPANET The original internet, linked four computer sites in California and Utah, used for defence purposes.

Copyleft Copyrighting software, but stating that anyone can use it or modify it as long as the resulting software code is also freely available.

Hypermedia

Mosaic First graphic browser. Invented in 1993.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME)

Search Engine Directory, Robot, Metasearch Engine

Law

Censorship 検閲

[UNITED STATES] Library Services and Technology Act

Libraries

Special Library 専門図書館

[ASSYRIA] Library at Nineveh One of the best known ancient libraries (c. 700BC). Under King Assurbanipal.

[AUSTRIA] Austrian National Library Succeeded Imperial Royal Court Library of the Austrian Empire.

[CHINA] Shanghai Public Library Fifth largest public library in the world, 5.9 million books, founded in 1952.

[EGYPT] Great Library of Alexandria Established around 300 BC to preserve and extend the civilization of the old Greek world.

[FRANCE] National Library of France Originally named Bibliotheque du Roi (Library of the King), founded in 1480, now the fourth largest national library in the world.

[GERMANY] Berlin Free University Library Eighth largest university library in Europe, 5.2 million volumes, founded in 1948.

[GREAT BRITAIN] Bodleian Library at Oxford University Europe's fourth largest university library, Great Britain's largest, 6 million books for population of 16,000 students

[ITALY] Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze (BNCF) Originated with private library of Antonio Magliabechi who donated 30,000 volumes upon his death in 1714. Since 1870 the BNCF has the legal deposit for all that is printed in Italy.

[JAPAN] National Diet Library 国会図書館 Started creating cards to distribute to libraries in 1950.

[NORWAY] Oslo University Library Largest Scandinavian University Library, 4.5 million volumes.

[ROMANIA] Biblioteca Academia in Bucharest Europe's largest university library, 8.5 million volumes, founded in 1866.

[RUSSIA] National Library of Russia Founded in 1795, opened to public in 1814.

[UNITED STATES] Boston Public Library Fourth largest public library in the world, founded in 1848, 6.1 million books, 1.2 million rare books and manuscripts, a wealth of maps, musical scores and prints. Holds several first edition folios by William Shakespeare, original music scores (Mozart, Prokofiev).

[UNITED STATES] Chicago Public Library Third largest public library in the world.

[UNITED STATES] Harvard University Library Oldest library in the United States (1638), largest university library in the world, more than 12 million volumes. More than 90 libraries in total including branches in Cambridge, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Florence, Italy.

[UNITED STATES] Library of Congress (LC) Largest library in the world with more than 120 million items and approximately 10,000 items added daily. Started creating cards to distribute to libraries in 1901.

[UNITED STATES] New York Public Library World's largest public library.

[UNITED STATES] Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) Originally known as the Ohio College Library Center.

[UNITED STATES] University of California at Berkeley Fifth largest university library, 8.5 million books, founded in 1868.

[UNITED STATES] University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Fourth largest university library, 8.7 million books, founded in 1867.

[UNITED STATES] Yale University Library New Haven, Connecticut. Second largest university library, 9.9 million books, founded in 1701.

People

Assurbanipal Assyrian ruler (7th century BC) whose archives become one of the world's first libraries.

Abbisid caliph Harun al-Ma'mun Arab ruler (813-833), collected books, said to have started the first public library (Dar al-Hikma = House of Wisdom) in Arab world. Ransacked by Mongols in 13th Century. Arab muslims originally had no books other than the Qur'an (Koran) so they had no need for libraries. Koran encourages respect for other religions, so books on Greek and Persian culture, Judaism, and Christianity were introduced, which led to need for libraries.

Ezra Abbot Mentor of Cutter

Alcuin English scholar who assisted Charlemagne in creating program of collecting, copying, and disseminating books throughout France and Germany.

Mark Anthony Presented library at Pergamum to Cleopatra on behalf of Caesar after the burning of the library in Alexandria.

Derek Austin Innovator of subject indexing

Sir Thomas Bodley (1545-1613) Bodleian Library (Oxford), wrote first modern dictionary catalog

R. R. Bowker Library Journal, Publisher's Weekly

Julius Caesar Wanted to build a public library, but was unable to. His friend Pollio succeeded.

Callimachus Compiled Pinakes (tables) for Alexandrian library in the 3rd century BC.

Thomas Carlyle London Library (helped to found), opposed Panizzi

Cyril Cleverdon (1914- ) Discovered that human errors in indexing and searching were more serious than failures due to file organization. Specificity of vocabulary and exhaustivity of indexing most important. Natural language systems work best.

Conrad Gesner Created Pendectarum which served to list most learned books of his time (1548)

Flavius Magnus Cassiodorus Developed a guide for the establishment and management of libraries and scriptoria (a place where books are copied and recopied). Committed to education and the study of pagan text and therefore played a major role in assuring the survival of ancient classical works into the Middle Ages.

Charlemagne Ordered the copying and dissemination of books throughout France and Germany.

Charles Ammi Cutter (1837-1903) Boston Athenaeum, classification and cataloguing, influenced LC, Three Figure Author Table, American Library Association (co-founder), five volume dictionary catalog of the Athenaeum's holdings, often clashed with Dewey, but was able to work together with him, Library Journal (editor), Expansive Classification

Melvil Louis Kossuth Dewey (1851-1931) Dewey Decimal System/Classification, American Library Association, Library Journal

A. S. Draper Rival of Dewey

Dee Garrison Apostles of Culture: The Public Librarian and American Society, 1876-1920

W.T. Harris St. Louis Public Library, Organized a system of decimal notation which Dewey improved upon

Charles Coffin Jewett Pioneer of shared cataloging, first to publish inventory of American libraries

Alice Bertha Kroeger Guide to Reference Books

Nadezhda Krupskaya Wife of Lenin, influential in Soviet library development

F. Leypoldt Library Journal

Sir Frederick Madden Associated with: British Museum (he was the Keeper of Manuscripts) Notes: Opposed Panizzi

Mooers Boolean not necessarily the right way

Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi (1797-1879) Claim to fame: Said to have initiated modern cataloging codes Associated with: British Museum Publications: Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules

Asinius Pollio Established the first public library. Friend of Julius Caesar. After Pollio, more libraries were created. By 4BC, Rome had at least 28 public libraries.

William Frederick Poole Periodical indexing

Sri Nandan Prasad Served as Director of the National Archives of India

Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (1892-1972) University of Madras Library, Colon Classification, chain indexing, five laws of library science (Books are for use; Every book its reader; Every reader his book; Save the time of the reader; A library is a growing organism.), Classified Catalogue Code, Prolegomena to Library Classification, Elements of Library Classification, and Headings and Canons, influenced Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), Facet Analysis

Joseph Sabin Boston Public Library, colleague of Cutter

Diodorus Siculus Greek historian who attributed the first library of consequence to Ramses II (c.1304-1237BC)

Ainsworth Rand Spofford Director of LC from 1864-1867.

Joshua Thomas Drove first bookwagon (Hagerstown, Washington County).

Mary Lemist Titcomb Designed first bookwagon (Hagerstown, Washington County) 1905.

Pellegrini Turri Invented typewriter (1808) so that he could correspond with a friend who was blind.

Brian Vickery Information retrieval, supporter of faceted classification

Joseph L. Wheeler Enoch Pratt Free Library

Halsey William Wilson (1868-1954) Indexing, Morris & Wilson bookstore, Cumulative Book Index, Books in Print, Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, Book Review Digest, Library Literature, Current Biography, Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United States and Canada

References

Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services - ALA

Japanese Scientific Terms - Library and Information Science - Monbukagakusho

Library Science Jeopardy www.wam.umd.edu/~aubrycp/project/jeopardy.html

Notes from 情報組織化論 (原田), 情報検索論 (岩澤), Seminar (山本)

Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS) vax.wcsu.edu/library/odlis.html